Abstract:

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have transformed the consumer electronics (CE) sector and are beginning to power the electrification of the automotive sector. The unique requirements of the vehicle application have required design considerations beyond LIBs suitable for CE. The historical progress of LIBs since commercialization is compared against automotive application goals and requirements. Vehicle-driven battery targets are discussed and informed by a set of international research groups and existing production electric vehicles’ performance. The opportunities and challenges remaining for the transition of LIBs suitable for CE to the automotive sector are assessed in terms of energy, life, cost, safety, and fast charge capability.