Abstract:

In electric vehicles, battery technology is widely used as an energy storage system (ESS) (EVs). Although large-scale battery ESS such as Pb-acid, NiCd, and Li-ion batteries are commercially accessible today, the primary challenges are longevity, dependability, affordability, and safety. Nonetheless, technical advancements are advancing research into future batteries such as metal-air and flow batteries. This study compares features of various battery technologies. Besides, the prerequisite condition for efficient battery operation is accurate cell model that reflects hysteresis, aging, and thermal effects to characterise real-world performance. Furthermore, the successful operation of EV depends on accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, the key task to be performed by battery management system (BMS). This paper presents various SOC estimation techniques considering the major nonlinearities and many unknown errors. Thus, the analysis emphasises many key issues, challenges, and recommendations for developments in SOC estimation and enhancement of battery management systems for future EVs.