Abstract:

With the vast consumption of fossil fuels and increased greenhouse gas emissions, drastic environmental impacts have happened, leading to an increased global demand for developing methods of harvesting and storing energy sustainably. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, hydro, and wind energy are the most promising solutions for addressing these concerns. However, electricity produced from these sources must be efficiently stored to supply the world with energy on demand. This is where batteries come into the picture. The performance of an electric vehicle (EV) is mainly dependent on a battery and its materials composition. Battery selection is based on performance characteristics, such as energy and power density, life cycle, safety, charging/discharging rate, cost, etc. Currently, the market is dominated by Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The most prominent material compositions in LiBs are Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (LNMC), Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (LNMO), and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) as cathode materials and graphite as anode material. Lithium and cobalt have lesser energy density. Also, these materials are scarce. Therefore, new material compositions are being tried to enhance batteries' performance, environmental friendliness, and sustainability.