Abstract:

Blockchain is a secure, decentralized distributed system with consensus protocols that enable participants to read and update a common ledger. It provides an immutable, tamper-resistant ledger with no central authority. The performance of a blockchain depends on selecting the best consensus protocol. It has influenced various applications beyond crypto currencies, including document verification, copyrighting, counterfeit product verification, and EV charging.This review paper discusses various consensus mechanisms in public, private, and consortium-based blockchains. The study explores the impact of consensus protocols on the performance scalability of blockchain solutions, specifically in electric vehicle management and charging, focusing on energy-efficient and secure EV charging and energy trading in typical EV environments.