Abstract:

The global transportation industry is focusing on supporting electric vehicles and cleaner forms of transportation. Battery-operated cars, sometimes known as electric vehicles, are used for cleaner mobility (EVs). The engine of the system that propels these cars is a battery. EVs can be integrated into the grid for power transactions and to support the grid requirements, thereby drawing the attention of researchers, policymakers, and industries. EVs are not only a transportation tool but also a distributed source or load. The EV battery plays a prominent role in grid integration and sustainable transportation. The monitoring and control aspect of the battery management system (BMS) plays a vital role in the successful deployment and usage of EVs. In this paper, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) of the battery is proposed and analyzed that describes the battery behavior at various temperatures, considering the battery's internal resistance. A stochastic model was developed for the battery aging and replacement to ensure that systematic replacement of batteries based on the calendar aging was performed. A reliability assessment of EV accessibility and availability was carried out by using Markov chain. A case study of a Diesel-renewable powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) in a micro-grid was carried out that suits the requirement of large-scale EV fleet integration into the grid for power transactions. The holistic approach of BMS was considered for sustainable transportation and grid integration.