Abstract:

This report aims to comprehensively analyze the e-3W retrofit ecosystem, evaluating its feasibility by examining the supply chain, technology, and business models. It also addresses operational hurdles,
incorporating perspectives from certifying agencies, insurance companies, Regional Transport Offices (RTOs), and driver partners. The NRDC-ASCI team carried out extensive primary and secondary research, including stakeholder consultations and interviews with industry actors and driver partner unions. Additionally, the research includes a techno-commercial feasibility assessment of retrofitted e-3Ws with both fixed and swappable battery options, comparing them with existing ICE autos powered by diesel, petrol, and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Drawing from these extensive stakeholder consultations, it offers deeper insights into the challenges and potential solutions that Indian states can adopt to facilitate the conversion of existing 3W fleets to electric vehicles.