Abstract:

A variety of technologies for reducing new passenger car type-approval CO2  emission levels are available, including efficiency improvements of combustion engine vehicles and transitioning to electric vehicles. Three scenarios were modeled in order to assess the required investment cost per vehicle as well as associated savings from a consumer and society perspective for different type-approval CO2 reduction targets:

Adopted policies: Manufacturers comply with the currently established reduction targets of 15% by 2025 and 37.5% by 2030 but make no efforts to go beyond the necessary levels of CO2 reduction. The remaining potential of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles is untouched and electric vehicle market shares stagnate from 2030 onwards.