Abstract:

Due to the rapid growth of e-mobility, increasing amounts of lithium-ion batteries are produced and returned after their lifetime. However, these returns will lead to new challenges for manufacturers and recyclers, considering the end-of-life. Therefore, this study focus on the interactions between recycler and manufacturer as two of the major actors of each supply chain. The authors formulate optimization models for the master recycling scheduling and the master production scheduling. To analyze current decentralized decisions of the recycler and remanufacturer, the authors further formulate an integrated master production and recycling scheduling model. The authors examine five different scenarios and find that for all scenarios, manufacturer and recycler achieve positive contribution margins. However, inefficiencies always occur due to opportunistic behavior. As a result, reuse is performed only in case of centralized planning.